INTRODUCTION TO NEW EDITION
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| Grade 9 Chemistry Myanmar Curriculum Textbook |
Chemistry may be generally defined as that branch of science which is concerned With the study of the composition, properties and structure of matter and the ways in Which substances can change from one structure to another or react with one another. Matter is anything which contain mass and occupies space. It is present all over, and in The far corners, of the universe. The study of chemistry, therefore, implies the study Of all processes which are going on all around us and even inside us.
The past decade has witnessed spectacular developments in chemistry and the Related fields of scientific studies. Well over 3 million different substances or Compounds are now known, a good number of them having been produced or Synthesized by chemists in the laboratories. Thousands more are turned out Synthetically every year in various parts of the world. All these new substances are Being produced with the expectation that at least a number of them will benefit us and Make our lives more comfortable. Most of the new substances used in medicine, Agriculture and the textile and plastic industries, to mention a few, had their Beginnings in the laboratory.
It would be an impossible task to learn the properties and reactions of each And every one of these substances. For a meaningful study of chemistry, the various Component substances of the natural world are observed, measured and classified into Appropriate categories. Scientific laws are then formulated to summarize the results Of these numerous observations. Once the formulation of a scientific law is achieved, Theories or models are devised to explain the law. Only those theories tested and Proven by the entire scientific community survive to provide the basic foundations For the study of the science of chemistry. In the course of time a great many of the old Established theories have been forced to the background by new developments Resulting from a better understanding of the chemical processes and phenomena. Such New insights into the science of chemistry and the related scientific fields, coupled With the mountains of facts accumulated especially during the past decade or so, have Had a profound outcome on the study of chemistry.
Old ideas are fracture or reformulated to blend in with the new. Still newer Ideas are generated, developed and applied at a pace never before known in the History of chemistry.
These developments have prompted major changes in the way chemistry is Studied and taught throughout the world. This is reflected not only in the new Chemistry course contents but also in the course organizations and the methods of Teaching and examining the subject. The modern day emphasis on practical work is One such prominent aspect of the new approach to the teaching of chemistry.
Fully aware of the new developments in the teaching of high school chemistry And taking cognizance of the fact that some of the students will need to have Professional orientations on completion, the authors have undertaken the task of Preparing two textbooks, one for the ninth standard and the other for the tenth Standard of the Basic Education High School, in conformity with the revised high School chemistry syllabus. The course contents of these two textbooks taken together Comprise the requirements for the Basic Education High School Chemistry Course.
The tenth standard (Grade-10) chemistry text is based on the knowledge the Student has acquired from the study of the ninth standard(Grade- 9) chemistry text. Any student preparing for the Basic Education High School Examination, should be Familiar and proficient with the theoretical portions included in the ninth standard and The tenth standard chemistry texts as also with the experimental chemistry texts Which accompany these books.
In this new edition, most of the chapters have been revised, summary and Relevant questions for all chapters are added and updated. For the adventage of the Students, four appendices are added and enhanced.: Appendix 1: Periodic table of the Elements (updated 2003), Appendix 2: Table of the relative atomic numbers and Atomic mass of the elements (including the new discovered web-elements ), Appendix 3 Vapour pressure of water and Appendix 4 The Activity series.
The authors should like to acknowledge their gratitude to the Ministry of Education and to the Directorates of Basic Education and Higher Education for their Help and encouragement during the writing of this book.
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